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971.
Puneet Srivastava James N. McNair Thomas E. Johnson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(3):545-563
ABSTRACT: The performance of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and artificial neural network (ANN) models in simulating hydrologic response was assessed in an agricultural watershed in southeastern Pennsylvania. All of the performance evaluation measures including Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (E) and coefficient of determination (R2) suggest that the ANN monthly predictions were closer to the observed flows than the monthly predictions from the SWAT model. More specifically, monthly streamflow E and R2 were 0.54 and 0.57, respectively, for the SWAT model calibration period, and 0.71 and 0.75, respectively, for the ANN model training period. For the validation period, these values were ?0.17 and 0.34 for the SWAT and 0.43 and 0.45 for the ANN model. SWAT model performance was affected by snowmelt events during winter months and by the model's inability to adequately simulate base flows. Even though this and other studies using ANN models suggest that these models provide a viable alternative approach for hydrologic and water quality modeling, ANN models in their current form are not spatially distributed watershed modeling systems. However, considering the promising performance of the simple ANN model, this study suggests that the ANN approach warrants further development to explicitly address the spatial distribution of hydrologic/water quality processes within watersheds. 相似文献
972.
Jason W. Oberg Assefa M. Melesss 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(3):565-582
ABSTRACT: Little work is reported where spatial methods are employed to monitor evapotranspiration (ET) changes as a result of vegetation and wetland restoration. A remote sensing approach with the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) for estimating ET at The Nature Conservancy's Glacial Ridge prairie‐wetland restoration site in northwestern Minnesota is presented. The calibrated 24‐hour ET from SEBAL was estimated with an average error of prediction of ?4.3 percent. Monthly, interseasonal, and seasonal ET for the period of June to September (2000 to 2003) from three adjacent land‐uses: a hydrologic control preserved wetland; a treated or restored site; and a nontreated or impacted wetland, were used in the study. Results from comparing ET behavior to the preserve suggest restoration efforts have affected monthly and seasonal ET within the treated site. Spatial average standard deviations of the seasonal ET within the preserve, treated, and nontreated sites give 47.3, 75.7, and 109.9 mm, respectively, suggesting hydrologic stabilization within the treated site. Monthly and interseasonal comparisons show similar behavior to that of the seasonal data, where monthly correlations suggest increasing agreement within the treated site, approaching those within the preserve. 相似文献
973.
通过对火焰受到旋转磁场作用下微分方程的分析,确定在磁雷诺数Rm<1的情况下,由于磁场的旋转而产生的旋转火焰的稳定性条件,使人们更进一步地了解在磁场作用下旋转火焰燃烧的规律性。这样,就可以根据旋转磁场中旋转火焰的燃烧规律而了解实际火灾中火旋风的燃烧特性。从而在实际的火灾发生过程中有意识地对产生小的旋转火焰的某些特性加以控制,以避免火旋风的发生。这在实际火灾发生时,对于减少火灾带来的损失具有重要的意义。 相似文献
974.
975.
N. K. Woodfield J. W. S. Longhurst C. I. Beattie D. P. H. Laxen 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(5-6):677-688
Across the United Kingdom, the majority of local authoritieshave now completed their first phase of local air qualityreview and assessment work, as required under the AirQuality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and NorthernIreland (DETR, 2000a). Emerging from this first phasework is an anticipated suite of over 110 Air QualityManagement Areas (AQMAs). These areas are identifiedlocations where one or more of the national air qualityobjectives are predicted to exceed by specific target dates,and their spatial extent and shape is emerging as highlyvariable. Local authorities are guided to use a variety ofscientific tools to underpin the scientific assessments, anda consideration of uncertainty in both the tools used andsubsequent delineation of AQMAs is likely to affect theemerging management areas significantly. With subsidiarity underpinning the process of local air qualitymanagement (LAQM), local decision-making is anticipated toinfluence the outcome of the LAQM process in its entirety,with the declaration of AQMAs necessitating the preparationand implementation of air quality action plans. UKexperience of the effective management of local air quality,through the designation of AQMAs, demonstrates a valuableframework for other European countries developing mechanismsto manage air quality locally. 相似文献
976.
Renewable Resources and Enzymatic Processes to Create Functional Polymers: Adapting Materials and Reactions from Food Processing 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christopher M. Aberg Tianhong Chen Gregory F. Payne 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2002,10(3):77-84
We are exploiting materials and concepts from food science to create functionalized, environmentally friendly derivatives of the biopolymer chitosan, a byproduct of seafood processing. Functional groups are grafted onto chitosan using tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for food browning. The functionalizing groups studied include low-molecular-weight phenols derived from natural sources and high-molecular-weight proteins. The approach of using low-molecular-weight phenols to functionalize chitosan is illustrated with arbutin, a natural phenol found in pears. Results demonstrate that tyrosinase initiates reactions that lead to the conversion of arbutin–chitosan solutions into gels. These gels can be rapidly broken by treatment with the chitosan-hydrolyzing enzyme chitosanase, demonstrating that the chitosan derivatives remain biodegradable. We briefly review other studies in which low-molecular-weight natural phenols are enzymatically grafted onto chitosan to confer functional properties. The creation of co-polymers is illustrated by results in which tyrosinase is used to couple gelatin onto chitosan. Gelatin is a proteinaceous byproduct of meat production. The tyrosinase-generated gelatin–chitosan conjugates have been observed to offer interesting rheological and thermal properties. These results demonstrate the potential for using renewable resources and enzymatic processing to create environmentally friendly polymers with useful functional properties. 相似文献
977.
Effects of Starch Moisture on Properties of Wheat Starch/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blend Containing Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate was found to improve the interfacial interaction between poly(lactic acid)(PLA) and granular starch. The objective of this research was to study the effect of starch moisture content on the interfacial interaction of an equal-weight blend of wheat starch and PLA containing 0.5% methylenediphenyl diisocyanate by weight. Starch moisture (10% to 20%) had a negative effect on the interfacial binding between starch and PLA. The tensile strength and elongation of the blend both decreased as starch moisture content increased. At 20% moisture level, the starch granules embedded in the PLA matrix were observed to be swollen, resulting in poor strength properties and high water absorption by the blend. 相似文献
978.
979.
随着计算机的普及 ,局域网络越来越广为利用 ,但也出现了相应的失密问题。本文从信息及实体两个方面 ,论述了局域网络的保密措施。 相似文献
980.
隧洞施工通风系统事故树分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在采矿、铁路、公路及水利水电工程中,常常采用长距离隧洞或隧道来穿越高山。而隧洞的施工以其施工技术复杂、难度大、风险高,经常成为控制工程工期的主要环节,隧洞施工中的通风换气系统,关系到施工能否顺利进行和施工作业人员的人身安全,根据隧洞施工通风系统的运行特点,采用安全系统分析中的事故树(FTA)方法,对隧洞施工中通风系统的安全性进行定性分析,找出影响通风安全的主要因素,并提出了通风安全管理对策,可以保证施工作业的顺利进行和人身安全,提高整个施工作业的安全度。 相似文献